Large wood placement at Indian Creek a tributary to the Trinity River. [Kiana Abel, TRRP]
The Program has completed the final environmental assessment for the Sediment and Wood Augmentation Along the Trinity River Restoration Reach. It can be located by following this link: U.S. bureau of Reclamation Trinity River… 2024. – at the TRRP DataPort. The project is needed to enhance existing salmonid habitat and provide spawning and rearing habitat in the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam. This will be done by adding suitable-sized sediment and wood through manual augmentation.
Sediment management at the SVEN Olbretson rehabilitation site in the winter of 2024.
The project allows for wood and sediment placement to occur at four new augmentation sites (Dark Gulch, Trinity House Gulch, Steel Bridge, and Vitzthum Gulch) along with the five existing sites (Trinity River Hatchery, Weir Hole/Sven Olbertson, Cableway, Sawmill, and Lowden Ranch). Augmentation below the ordinary high-water mark but above the wetted channel may take place all year. High flow sediment augmentation (also known as injection) will generally take place between April and May when and where it is safe to do so without disrupting juvenile coho salmon. Sediment and wood may be placed directly into the river during the in-channel work period of July 15 to September 15 (or later in coordination with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and with best management practices (BMPs) in place).
Each year, at each site, we are allowed to augment up to 8,000 cubic yards of sediment varying in diameter from 0.04 inches to 14 inches. We may also augment up to 700 pieces of wood varying in size from slash to whole trees at a single site per year. Generally, we will augment about 500 to 2,000 cubic yards of 0.375 inch to 5 inch in diameter sediment at a single site per year. The Physical Work Group creates an Augmentation Plan every year, recommending sites for augmentation and quantities of sediment and wood. It is unlikely the Program will augment at more than a few sites per year.
John Hayes, Ph.D., Freshwater Fisheries Scientist – Cawthron Institute, New Zealand
John Hayes is a freshwater fisheries scientist from Nelson, New Zealand, recently retired from the Cawthron Institute, where he retains an emeritus position. John has special expertise in recreational trout and salmon fisheries, instream habitat modelling and salmonid foraging and bioenergetics modelling. He has led and supervised research and consulting projects on freshwater fisheries, habitat assessment, limiting factors, environmental flow regimes and effects of hydro-power and irrigation schemes.
Over the last two decades of his career John led a series of research projects with New Zealand and USA scientists developing process-based models integrating river hydraulics, invertebrate drift transport and the bioenergetics of drift feeding to predict effects of flow, water temperature and clarity on stream salmonid growth and carrying capacity. Much of his research has been aimed at understanding how rivers work in relation to sustaining fish populations and fisheries to inform environmental effects assessment. He has undertaken fisheries related environmental consulting widely in New Zealand and contributed to a project in Oregon. His salmonid bioenergetics models have been applied in New Zealand, Australia, and the USA – including the North Umpqua and Colorado rivers, and Columbia River tributaries.
John’s interests in fish ecology arose from a life-long passion for fishing. Over his career he has enjoyed communicating freshwater ecology and fisheries science in popular press. He has been a regular writer for Fish & Game New Zealand magazine, also published in Flylife Magazine (Australia), and co-authored the book ‘The Artful Science of Trout Fishing’.
2024 Science Symposium Presentation
Day two of the Trinity River Restoration Program Science Symposium covered Habitat, Flow and Temperature. Listen in as John Hayes, Ph.D., Freshwater Fisheries Scientist – Cawthron Institute, New Zealand presents, “How flow affects aquatic invertebrate habitat and drift, and salmonid net energy intake and instantaneous carrying capacity.”
Eli Asarian, Aquatic Ecologist/Hydrologist, Riverbend Sciences
Eli Asarian is an aquatic ecologist/hydrologist and founder of the Eureka-based consulting firm Riverbend Sciences. He has worked in California and Oregon watersheds for over 20 years. He specializes in statistical analysis of large, complex datasets and has authored or co-authored over 25 technical analyses on flow, water temperature, water quality, and algae.
Since 2015, he has completed seven water temperature studies in the Klamath-Trinity river basin, including “Wildfire smoke cools summer river and stream water temperatures” and the TRRP-funded “Synthesizing 87 years of scientific inquiry into Trinity River water temperatures.” He has assisted with development and implementation of salmon and steelhead recovery plans throughout California, and serves as president of the Salmonid Restoration Federation. Additional info HERE.
2024 Science Symposium Presentation
Day two of the Trinity River Restoration Program Science Symposium covered Habitat, Flow and Temperature. Listen in as Eli Asarian, Aquatic Ecologist/Hydrologist, Riverbend Sciences presents, “Water temperatures in the Klamath-Trinity Basin: flow, other key drivers, and climate change implications.”
Seth Naman, Fisheries Biologist, NOAA Fisheries – National Marine Fisheries Service
Seth earned a Bachelor of Science from Oregon State University and a Masters of Science in Fisheries Biology from Humboldt State University. After positions with Idaho Fish and Game, the National Park Service, and the Yurok Tribe, he began working for the National Marine Fisheries Service in 2008. Seth participates in several of the TRRP’s work groups, the Trinity River Hatchery Technical team, and he’s an alternate on the TMC. He is a longtime resident of Humboldt County and enjoys fishing, hunting, kayaking, and rafting.
2024 Science Symposium Presentation
Day 2 of the Trinity River Restoration Program Science Symposium covered Habitat, Flow and Temperature. Listen in as Seth Naman, Fisheries Biologist, NOAA Fisheries – National Marine Fisheries Service presents, “A method to implement natural flow regimes for regulated rivers.”
Derek Rupert, Fish Biologist – Bureau of Reclamation, Northern California Area Office
Derek Rupert is a fish biologist with the Bureau of Reclamation – Northern California Area Office, a position he has held since 2017. He previously worked for the US Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Trinity River salmon population monitoring program and with the National Park Service in Yellowstone performing cutthroat trout restoration. He has Master of Science degree in biology from Western Kentucky University and a Bachelor of Science degree in fisheries biology from Mansfield University of Pennsylvania.
2024 Science Symposium Presentation
Day 2 of the Trinity River Restoration Program Science Symposium covered Habitat, Flow and Temperature. Listen in as Derek Rupert, Fish Biologist for the Bureau of Reclamation, Northern California Area Office presents, “Seasonally Oscillating Hydrographs.“
Don Ashton, Senior Aquatic Herpetologist/Ecologist – McBain Associates/Applied River Sciences
Don Ashton is a professional herpetologist and aquatic ecologist. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Biodiversity and Master of Arts in Biology from Humboldt State University. For three decades, his research in the government and private sectors has focused on river restoration to support ecosystem function and inform land use and resource management decisions with a focus on Northwestern Pond Turtle and Foothill Yellow-legged Frog conservation.
2024 Science Symposium Presentation
Frogs and Turtles informing flow management and river restoration.
Day 2 of the Trinity River Restoration Program Science Symposium covered Habitat, Flow and Temperature. Listen in as Don Ashton, Senior Aquatic Herpetologist/Ecologist – McBain Associates/Applied River Sciences presents , “Frogs and Turtles informing flow management and river restoration.“
Todd Buxton, Ph.D., Hydrologist/Geomorphologist, Trinity River Restoration Program
Todd works on flow and sediment issues on the Trinity River for the TRRP and is currently investigating flow effects on temperature stratification in river pools, development of an acoustic technique for bedload monitoring, and evolution of Rush and Indian creek deltas and their capacity for rearing juvenile Chinook salmon. Todd completed a four-year enlistment in the U.S. Coast Guard before starting his career in river and salmon restoration in 1994.
His work has mainly focused on the relationship between sediment transport dynamics, streamflow, and biological populations in rivers in the Western U.S., Alaska, New York, and Costa Rica. Todd has earned a B.S. in Watershed analyses and restoration and an M.S. in Watershed Management from Humboldt State University and a Ph.D. in Water Resources from the University of Idaho. His academic research included developing and testing an equation that predicts entrainment of waterlogged wood in rivers, streambed packing effects on sediment mobility, relative stability of salmon redds and ambient streambed areas, and salmon spawning effects on hyporheic (groundwater) flow and marine nutrients from salmon in streams.
2024 Science Symposium Presentation
Thermal stratification in pools on the Trinity River.
Day 2 of the Trinity River Restoration Program Science Symposium covered Habitat, Flow and Temperature. Listen in as Todd Buxton, Ph.D., Hydrologist/Geomorphologist, Trinity River Restoration Program presents , “Thermal stratification in pools on the Trinity River.”
The start of summer in Trinity County has been a hot one, with 100° plus degrees for 10 days straight in early July combined with another series of 100° degree days forecasted for the latter half of the month. As warm-bodied land dwellers, we cope with heat by seeking refuge: interior shelter, air conditioning, shade, and of course, water. Refreshing water comes in many forms – pools, sprinklers and creeks, lakes, and rivers – whatever is available to us! Cold-blooded salmon are not so different in this regard. Throughout their various life stages, they too seek water temperatures that provide opportunities for success.
A deep pool on the Upper Trinity River looking upriver. [Todd Buxton, TRRP]
The construction and operation of Trinity and Lewiston dams have altered the Trinity River in many ways. Program scientists continue to learn about the complex ways dams affect water temperatures and fish within this altered system. For many years, “the colder the water the better” has been the dogma of salmonid management. While cold water can be beneficial, scientists have long known water that is too cold can also be detrimental. Like nearly all animals, salmonids grow and survive best within an optimal range of water temperatures, and temperatures above and below this range negatively affect them. Temperature variability is highly important because it allows fish to find temperatures that are optimal at different times of day for the various activities they undertake to grow and survive.
Last August, in the River Riffle newsletter we published “A Brief Introduction to Thermal Ecology of the Trinity River”. The article describes the thermal ecology of local rivers which experience cold, wet winters and hot, arid summers, characteristics of the Mediterranean climate of our region. Salmonids thrive where thermal diversity is available because they can maximize growth and survival by seeking optimal temperatures. For example, a juvenile salmonid’s job is to eat, grow and survive. At this stage, juveniles move from higher velocity areas where they feed in relatively cold water before residing in slower warmer areas of pools to rest and digest. The warm, slow water helps them relax and digest. Moving to take advantage of temperature differences allows them to efficiently digest their food to gain weight and grow larger. Eat, rest, digest, and repeat. The more that young fish can take advantage of these diverse temperature and flow conditions the better they can digest food into growth, which in turn improves their chance of survival in the ocean.
An abundance of juvenile salmonids feeding in the drift at Oregon Gulch. [Aaron Martin, YTFD]
The seasonal, daily, and spatial temperature environment in the Trinity River before dams were constructed differed considerably from what we see today. Year to year variability was driven by winter precipitation and snow accumulation. As temperatures rose in the spring, snowmelt provided a regenerative increase in flow and expansion of habitat. On the journey from melting snow through creeks and tributaries to the mainstem river, water was warmed by the longer, warmer days, often reaching optimal temperatures for growth. As the snowmelt receded and the river returned to summer low flow, water temperatures in large, deep pools would stratify into different layers. In both these ways, temperature variability was provided to not only juvenile salmonids but also native frogs, turtles, and aquatic insects. The diversity of temperatures within nooks and crannies, combined with different depths and sheltered areas of the river formed a robust underwater nursery for the aquatic wildlife below. The timing and magnitude of these transitions and the variability of temperature depended on rain and snow patterns months before, yet the pattern was predictable. Fish and wildlife evolved over millennia to take advantage of this cycle.
The presence and operation of Trinity and Lewiston dams have dramatically altered the temperature regime in the Trinity River. As the spring and summer days heat up, Trinity Reservoir water stratifies to form a large pool of cold water below a depth of about 6 feet. Above this depth, water temperatures are warmed by the sun. Although infrastructure on some dams allow water to be drawn selectively from throughout the water column, Trinity Dam can only draw from its deep cold-water pool. Cold water that is released from Trinity Dam to Lewiston Reservoir warms as it flows towards Lewiston Dam, but releases to the river are still much colder throughout the summer than what the river experienced at Lewiston before the dams were in place. While the pre-dam river and other undammed local rivers warm in the spring to provide ideal temperatures for fish growth, the cold-water releases from Lewiston Dam keep the mainstem Trinity River so cold that growth of native salmonids, frogs, and turtles is stunted.
While juvenile fish population data collected by the Hoopa and Yurok Tribes and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service show that significantly more juvenile salmonids have been produced by the Trinity River since ROD releases began in the early 2000’s, these data also show that juvenile fish size has notably decreased (Pinnix etal 2022. Figure 4, Figure 12). Program scientists strongly suspect that large cold-water releases in spring are a significant contributing factor to this decrease in fish size, and smaller fish have a lower chance of surviving in the ocean. Despite increases in the number of juvenile salmonids leaving the Trinity River, adult returns have not increased, and in fact have declined since 2000.
Scientists hypothesize that moving some of the Trinity River flow releases from springtime to the winter months would provide better growth conditions for juvenile salmonids by enabling summer flows to reach baseflow earlier in the year, allowing for the river to once again benefit the outmigrating fish (Asarian etal 2023, Abel etal 2021, Naman etal 2020). But what about the adult salmon. Would a warmer river harm them?
Adult salmon, like Chinook and coho, return to freshwater from the ocean with a different strategy than juveniles. Their focus is instead on the need to conserve energy for spring and summer migration in spring and spawning in fall. The prized spring-run Chinook take advantage of snow melt runoff in the spring to swim upriver. Along the way they commonly rest by day in slow water at the bottom of large, deep pools, behind fallen trees, under bedrock outcroppings, and downstream of large boulders. Water temperatures in the river increase as days get longer and hotter, while they can vary throughout the day as water cools at night and warms in daytime.
As spring progresses into summer, migration can become limited to cooler times of day, as the adults rest in the cold bottoms of thermally stratified pools by day and resume their upstream migration when the entire river has cooled at night. Finally, when adult spring-run Chinook reach their over-summer holding habitat, they can spend weeks to several months in deep pools with slow water to conserve energy for spawning in the fall.
There are many objectives of the regulated flow releases to the Trinity River from Lewiston Dam. Summer baseflow releases aim to provide favorable temperatures for migrating and holding spring Chinook who have lost access to habitat in the upper watershed above Trinity and Lewiston dams. This temperature mitigation is achieved by flow releases of 450 cubic feet per second from the end of the spring release until mid-October. A recent research paper published in the Hydrological Processes journal, The mechanics of diurnal thermal stratification in river pools: Implications for water management and species conservation (Buxton et al. 2022) explores the effects of summer flow management on the Trinity River. The research examines pre-dam flow records from 1911-1960 when summer flows averaged 177 cubic feet per second in the Trinity River in comparison to flows since 2000 that measure 2.5 times higher at 450 cfs. The increased flow and cold deep water drawn from Trinity Reservoir create summer temperatures that are around 18°F cooler (10°C) than pre-dam temperatures in summer at Lewiston. The post-dam Trinity River experiences more water and higher velocity, yet its habitat areas are remarkably smaller than the pre-dam environment which received less water and lower velocity.
Above, we mentioned pool stratification in Trinity Reservoir. The stratification occurs because the slow-moving water warms and becomes less dense, which causes it to buoy toward the surface. This stratification of temperatures occurs in river pools that are large and deep enough (typically greater than 9 feet in depth). Size is important because when flow through the pool slows to a very low speed it prevents the warm top water from mixing with the cold bottom water and allows for stratification. This thermal layering in stratified pools is important for salmonids because it provides both adult and juveniles the opportunity to place themselves in the right temperature at the right time of day to best improve their survival and/or growth.
A key component of the pool stratification research was the measurement and modeling of temperatures as well as flow velocities in correctly sized pools for holding spring Chinook both below and above the dams. Data were collected and compared from a control pool in the Trinity River upstream of Trinity Reservoir as well as below Lewiston Dam (Pear Tree Pool). The findings showed that the pool above the dams exhibited stratification, providing the range of beneficial temperatures that follow the annual pattern of sun exposure and summer flows that naturally occur in our region.
In contrast, stratification did not occur in the pool below the dam at Pear Tree. Flows were too fast, mixing all water into one layer of uniform temperature. While temperatures in the Pear Tree pool were suitable for holding adult spring Chinook, the higher velocities increased their energy expenditure, likely taxing their energy supply needed for building and protecting redds and ultimately laying and fertilizing eggs. Unfortunately, the pool also lacked temperature diversity for juvenile salmon. Juveniles were presented with uniform temperatures and higher velocities, also taxing their energy supply needed for digesting their food to put on weight. Not to mention losing the benefits of temperature diversity discussed above.
Temperature diversity combined with variable water depths and velocities, refuge from predators, and plentiful food are important factors determining a young fish’s ability to grow and survive. While we often think “cold water is best,” perhaps a more accurate statement would be “diverse water temperatures are essential”! While that may seem obvious, a little clarification can improve our understanding of the needs of fish and how we may better serve them. Rivers in our region support a multitude of aquatic and land-based animals, insects, birds, and amphibians. Providing habitat diversity – including variable water temperatures – are paramount to meeting the needs of our wildlife community, and Program scientists continue to learn about the complex interactions between temperature and ecosystem health, hoping to better inform management on the Trinity River.
If you are interested in learning more about pool stratification on the Trinity River, join the lead author on this study, Dr. Todd Buxton, for Science on the River: Stratification of water temperatures in pools on the Trinity River at the Lewiston Hotel and Dance Hall on August 28, 2024 – 6pm. Todd is a Hydrologist and Fish Biologist with the Bureau of Reclamation – Trinity River Restoration Program who will lead us through the recent Trinity River study on thermal stratification in river pools. Pool stratification is an important ecological function of natural river systems and Todd’s findings show that pools in the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam are unable to stratify and provide critical habitat for juvenile and adult salmonids. Todd will discuss why the habitat is important for both life stages of salmon as well as other interesting findings from the study.
Pinnix, W.D., S.P. Boyle, T. Wallin, T. Daley, and N.A. Som. 2022. Long-Term Analyses of Estimates of Abundance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon on The Trinity River, 1989-2018. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office, Arcata Fisheries Technical Report Number TS 2022-40, Arcata, California. [link to download]
Asarian, J. E., K. De Juilio, S. Naman, D. Gaeuman, and T. Buxton. 2023. Synthesizing 87 years of scientific inquiry into Trinity River water temperatures. Report for the Trinity River [Link to download].
Naman, S., K. De Juilio, and K. Osborne. 2020. Juvenile salmonid temperature target recommendations. Memorandum to Ken Lindke, Fish Work Group Coordinator. Trinity River Restoration Program, Weaverville, California. [Link to download].
Abel, C., K. de Juilio, K. Lindke, S. Naman, and J. Alvarez. 2021. Shifting a portion of Trinity River spring releases from Lewiston Dam to the winter period: a flow management action to benefit juvenile salmonid habitat availability, growth, and outmigrant timing. White-paper for the Trinity River Restoration Program (TRRP). TRRP, Weaverville, California. [Link to download].
While there are dozens of milkweed species and subspecies in North America, within the Trinity River Watershed there are four documented species, including showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) narrowleaf milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis), heart leaf milkweed (Asclepias cordifolia) (DeCamp, 2021, p. 294, 362) and the rare lesser seen serpentine milkweed (Asclepias solanoana) (Kauffman, 2022, p. 155). Each type has unique leaf sets and structure topped with wonderful showy flowers and dramatically large seed pods that propagate via wind in the fall. The flowers are a haven for area pollinators and the plant itself plays a critical role in the majestic monarch butterfly migration. In our region, monarch butterflies, generally choose one type of milkweed, showy milkweed (A. speciosa), to lay their eggs and because of this, the availability and frequency of the plant along the monarch’s migratory path are critical to it’s survival (Western Monarch Milkweed Mapper, 2024).
Photo: Heart leaf milkweed (A. cordifolia) has matured it’s showy seed pods in the Trinity Alps. [Kiana Abel, TRRP]
A monarch’s annual lifecycle goes through upwards of 4 generations during migration. Migration north (and east for western monarchs) happens typically between March and August each year. During migration, an adult female will lay eggs on the underside of young healthy milkweed leaves, hatch, eat, crystallize and repeat. As summer progresses, roughly in the third or fourth generation the western monarch will eventually turn south and west to return to their overwintering sites on the California coast (and in some cases Mexico).
All species of milkweeds are characteristic of the milky sap in their stems and leaves which contain a lethal brew of cardenolides (heart poison). If grazed, animals and insects are served a warning with distasteful, hairy leaves. If ingested, a grazer is confronted with vomiting and potentially death in higher doses. The negative effect on agricultural livestock like sheep and cows led farmers and agriculturalists toward eradication efforts. Over time, the combination of increased land use and herbicide led to a significant decline in available milkweed, with monarch populations following suit.
Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) cultivated in the Weaverville Community Garden. [Kiana Abel, TRRP]
The handful of insects that do eat the plant are all incredibly colorful which in-turn serves as a warning to their predator’s (Monarch Joint Venture, 2024). If a monarch caterpillar were to be eaten it’s predator will encounter a nasty taste and hopefully drop it’s prey. For the majority of insects like bees, moths and other butterflies the main attraction to milkweed is the flower which provides nectar during a time in the summer when most other flowers have spent. For each type of milkweed found, the flowers are showy, intricate and are certainly worth a close-up look.
Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) a pollinators delight. [Kiana Abel, TRRP]
Milkweed has proved useful to people as well. Ethnobotanists have documented historic and current use of the plant in fiber, food and medicine in the United States and Canada. Milkweeds supply tough fibers for making cords, ropes as well as for course cloth. Native Californian tribes use the plant for all the purposes listed above. In one documented case of a Sierra Miwok woven deer net, the trap measured 40 feet in length and contains some 7,000 feet of cordage, which would have required the harvest of 35,000 plant stalks. Among Californian Native tribes, the most common documentation of use was to obtain a kind of chewing gum from the sap of showy milkweed (A. speciosa). The sticky white sap is heated slightly until it becomes solid, then added to salmon or deer gristle (Stevens, M., 2006).
Narrowleaf milkweed (A. fascicularis) found near the Trinity River in Big Flat in July 2024. [Kiana Abel, TRRP]
The decline of wild milkweed plants as well as the majestic monarch butterfly has spawned a cultivation movement to encourage everyday gardeners to plant. If you reader, would like to cultivate milkweed in your pollinator garden, make sure to plant it in a location where it can expand. In suitable conditions, milkweed can outcompete other plants and on occasion infrastructure such as plant boxes or walkways. A second consideration is where the location of where you’d like to plant in accordance with the migratory path of the monarch. If you are in a costal overwintering area, it is more beneficial to monarchs to plant nectar plants versus nursery plants. A planting of A. speciosa may falsely signal that they are in a location fit for reproduction leading to a disruption in their migration cycle.
When you’ve picked the best species for your area you can propagate milkweed from seed or rhizome. Collect seeds from pods once they have ripened, but prior to splitting open. Experienced cultivators planting in high elevation or colder climates have documented higher success rates with seed by using a cold treatment for three months and then planting directly into the ground the first fall after collection (Stevens, M., 2006). Propagation by rhizome is also easy and reliable. Create cuttings when the plant is dormant and make sure the rhizome has at least one forming root bud. Success is also dependent on on timing. Harvest or divide plants at the beginning of the rainy season and plant them in the ground by late fall so they can develop enough root growth to survive the winter. Irrigation in the first year will improve survival, and by the second year the root system should be well enough established so plants will survive on their own (Stevens, M., 2006).
Asclepias sp. Milkweed Native American Ethnobotany Data Base. A Database of Foods, Drugs, Dyes and Fibers of Native American Peoples, Derived from Plants.
The Woolly Sunflower is a common attraction along the Trinity River corridor and watershed. In our area, viewers can see it in a few different varieties split between high and low country. The low country version is found in large colonies exposed to dry and hot conditions. Viewers commonly see it along roadsides defying logic by clinging to rocky cliffs showing off their sweet yellow pedals and silvery leaves and stems.
Photo of a patch of Common Woolly Sunflower taken near Burnt Ranch, generously provided by Veronica Yates.
Eriophyllum lanatum is a perennial herb native to western North America. It has long, thin stems with small pinnately lobed, green leaves and small, yellow flowers. When you get up close and personal you notice a few unique characteristics. Prior to the bloom, the tips of the flower buds turn a sweet reddish purple and the silvery color of the stem and underside of the leaves is actually a layer of tiny hairs. These hairs serve a specific purpose for the plant and act to conserve water by reflecting heat and reducing air movement across the leaves surface [1]
Photo: taken at the Oregon Gulch Restoration Site. E. lanatum was a part of the seed mix dispersed post restoration as part of the revegetation efforts by Hoopa Valley Tribal Fisheries. Photo generously provided by Veronica Yates.
This perennial plant’s bloom is prolific and prolonged typically beginning in March and lasting sometimes into August making it of special value to native bees, butterflies, and other important pollinators who are attracted by the bright yellow sunflower-like pedals. Due to this wildflower’s showy nature as well as its excellent tolerance to drought, it makes for a terrific addition to cultivated butterfly gardens. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings or by inquiring to purchase from your local nursery [2].
The woolly sunflower has been recorded to be used by the people of the Miwok tribe (California) to sooth aching parts of the body by making a poultice of the leaves; the Skagit (Washington) rub the leaves on skin to prevent chapping; and the Chehalis (Washington) use the dried flowers as a love charm [3].
