Mayflies from the family Baetidae are this month’s ‘bug of the month’. Commonly known as blue winged olives by fly fishermen, Baetid mayflies are small (<10mm) and can be extremely prolific. In addition, they grow rapidly and can have multiple generations within a year (known as multivoltine). This means that you can see adult Baetid mayflies during most of the year although they are especially apparent during the winter in early spring when few other bugs are hatching.
Photo Credit: TroutNut.com
Baetid mayflies are exceptionally adept at colonizing new habitat. They are extremely good swimmers (for a bug) and are known for undertaking what is known as behavioral drift. Behavioral drift is a strategy where macroinvertebrates enter the flow of the river voluntarily to seek out new habitat. Short life cycles, excellent swimming ability, and the propensity to undertake behavioral drift allow them to settle new habitat like when high flows inundate floodplains.
They are often the first to colonize a new area due to their swimming skills and their preference for shallow, slow water. These newly formed areas grow algae very well which is the primary food source for Baetid mayflies. They can often exploit newly formed habitat within a few weeks and live their entire life cycle within 12 weeks before other bugs get a chance to settle in an area. Seasonal inundation of floodplains are extremely important to Baetid mayflies success. Juvenile salmon have evolved to depend on the seasonal inundation of floodplains because of the presence of Baetid mayflies, which they eat for food.
Chris Laskodi, M.S., Fish Ecologist – Yurok Tribal Fisheries Department
Chris serves as the fish biologist/ecologist for the TRRP in the program’s Science branch. Chris has worked on the Trinity River since 2015, previously serving as a fish biologist for the Yurok Tribe and a fisheries technician for the US Fish & Wildlife Service. Chris holds a B.S. in Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology from the University of California, Davis and a M.S. in Aquaculture/Fisheries from the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. In his free time, Chris enjoys taking friends and family fishing on one of the many watercraft available to him.
Eric Peterson, Science Coordinator out monitoring algae on the Trinity River in 2024. [Jeanne McSloy, Trinity River Restoration Program]
The Program and partners have approved winter-time Environmental Flows for the next few water years. The intent of moving flows into the winter time is to provide flow conditions that Trinity River salmonids evolved to exploit. From a scientific point of view, that intent and the reasons behind it are organized into hypotheses that the Trinity River Restoration Program will be testing throughout implementation of the project.
For the year ahead with the implementation of a new flow management the Program will continue with both short and long-term monitoring projects. Long-term monitoring projects include, outmigrant monitoring (tracking the number and size of young fish heading out to sea), adult escapement monitoring (tracking the number and size of adult fish returning from the sea). Shorter duration studies to examine the flow changes include acoustic monitoring of rock movement, tracking the development of periphyton (algae) on newly inundated floodplains, and investigating the benthic macroinvertebrate (fish food) response to the flows.
Currently in the river, spring and fall run Chinook Salmon eggs are hatching and young fish are starting to emerge. Outmigrant monitoring will be ramping up to count these young fish on their migration. The Program is also preparing for some research on how low floodplains, like the Oregon Gulch inundation areas, develop vegetation and if it differs from our more traditional channel restoration sites.
Last but not least, the Limiting Factors Analysis, is on schedule with initial model development. The project intends to dissect the many limiting factors during the lifecycle of Trinity River Chinook so that the Program can better analyze it’s role and ways to continue restoration efforts more effectively. As the model is developed the task group will assemble the data to parameterize the model, an effort that will continue through 2025. Watch for results of those efforts to come out in summer of 2026!
Aerial Image of the Upper Conner Creek Restoration Site during phase 1 restoration in fall of 2024. [Elliot Sarnacki, Trinity River Restoration Program]
The Trinity River Restoration Program is working on two Trinity River channel rehabilitation projects in 2025; Phase II of the Upper Conner Creek Rehabilitation Project located in Junction City, CA and Phase I of the Sawmill Gravel Processing Site Rehabilitation Project located in Lewiston, CA.
Upper Conner Creek – Phase II
The second phase of the Upper Conner Creek Rehabilitation project includes similar physical habitat improvements constructed under Phase I such as floodplain connectivity, coarse sediment additions and large wood features. Recreational improvements include a new launch ramp and public restroom for the Bureau of Land Management – managed Junction City Campground River Access. Phase II of the Upper Conner Creek will begin in January 2025.
Sawmill Gravel Processing Site
The Sawmill Gravel Processing Site Rehabilitation Project Phase I is another implementation of the mechanical channel rehabilitation component of the Trinity River Restoration Program and is also intended to function in concert with the managed flow and sediment regimes to restore physical habitats that promote the spawning and rearing success of salmon in the Trinity River. As implied in the project name, the focus of the project is to rehabilitate an area that has thus far been used only as a source area and processing site for supplying coarse sediment used in gravel augmentation and channel reconstruction activities elsewhere on the river. Rather than leaving the area disturbed when processing activities conclude, the Trinity River Restoration Program recognized the opportunity to optimize the habitat and ecosystem benefits by developing a rehabilitation design centered on that area.
Environmental Assessments
Sediment was placed upriver of the Lewiston Bridge prior to high flow in 2023 to encourage habitat formation down river. [Todd Buxton, Trinity River Restoration Program]
The Trinity River Restoration Program’s Sediment and Wood Augmentation Environmental Assessment is complete. In addition to multiple existing sites and based on site-specific annual recommendations from the The Trinity River Restoration Program’s Physical Workgroup and Riparian and Aquatic Workgroup, the Environmental Assessment establishes new augmentation sites and allows for sediment and wood placement to address the a shortage of those key ingredients of riverine habitat upstream of Indian Creek.
The new augmentation sites are in the upper reaches of the Trinity River downstream of Lewiston Dam and include Dark Gulch, Trinity House Gulch, Steel Bridge, and Vitzthum Gulch. River corridors which periodically mobilize sediment and large wood perform diverse physical and ecological functions. Contributions to the disturbance regime disperse organisms and provide refugia during baseflow periods and during floodplain inundation events. The Sediment and Wood Augmentation Environmental Assessment is available by clicking below.
In partnership with the US Forest Service’s Shasta-Trinity National Forest and BLM’s Redding Field Office, TRRP is finalizing a Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) to evaluate aquatic habitat restoration activities in the Trinity River watershed. The Watershed PEA analysis will focus on restoration activities that improve the quality and quantity of accessible cold-water aquatic habitat. As a programmatic analysis, watershed restoration projects would be implemented within the Trinity River watershed, in Trinity and Humboldt counties, with site specific surveys and compliance for individual projects tiered to the PEA.
Watershed Grantees
In 2025, the following watershed projects are slated to be implemented.
Salt Creek Floodplain Restoration – The Watershed Research and Training Center
This project aims to improve 2,000 feet of heavily degraded salmonid habitat along Salt Creek, a South Fork Trinity River tributary, by reconnecting the creek to its historic floodplain using engineered and process-based restoration techniques. The project will increase aquifer recharge and storage for slow release to temper a thermal barrier for salmonids, restore geomorphic functions that will improve salmonid spawning gravels, create pools for summer cool water refugia, increase habitat heterogeneity for winter flow high-velocity refugia, and improve native riparian flora, all of which will increase the resilience of aquatic species from the impacts of climate change. Implementation is scheduled for summer 2025 and summer 2026
Upper Hayfork Creek Assessment and Planning Study – The Watershed Research and Training Center
This project will assess over 17 stream miles and 700 floodplain acres within the upper Hayfork Creek watershed, a major tributary to the South Fork Trinity River, to identify restoration opportunities to improve salmonid habitat quality and quantity. The project will utilize GIS and LiDAR analyses, field measurements of salmonid presence and habitat characterization, and a comparison of ecological flow needs with water availability to produce one Restoration Assessment and Planning document with a priority list of restoration projects and one restoration design to advance toward implementation.
Water Resiliency in the Greater River Trinity Watershed for Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Domestic Needs – The Watershed Research and Training Center
The organization is tasked to plan and implement four storage tank arrays and establish long-term forbearance agreements to reduce annual water withdrawals from key tributaries to the Trinity River during the summer low-flow period. The project will increase the quality and quantity of natural habitats crucial to the survival of anadromous fishes and aquatic organisms in the Trinity River Watershed. Implementation is scheduled for spring 2025.
Weaver Creek Habitat Restoration Implementation – The Yurok Tribe Fisheries Department
The Yurok Tribe Fisheries Department will create instream habitat and develop new floodplain areas along the upper section of Weaver Creek, a tributary to the Trinity River. The project will control the spread of invasive plant species, establish habitat connectivity during summertime baseflow conditions, and support populations of threatened Coho Salmon. The Tribe will construct new habitat features including 4.96 acres of floodplain, 1.23 acres of overflow channels, 0.94 acres of constructed riffles, 0.37 acres of channel fill, and 0.36 acres of low flow channels. These enhancements will increase the structural complexity of the project reach and mitigate the impacts of low flows, which can lead to dry channel conditions on Weaver Creek. The project area is identified in the state and Federal recovery plans for Coho Salmon, which encourage floodplain reconnection and streambed restoration in Weaver Creek. The Yurok Tribe is collaborating with the Nor Rel Muk Wintu Nation, Federal land managers, the Weaverville Sanitary District, and adjacent landowners for this restoration project. Implementation is may be implemented as soon as summer 2025.
Rivers are vital parts of our ecosystems, and they behave differently depending on the climate they flow through. In a Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by hot, dry summers and variable, wet winters, river flow can be particularly interesting. Let’s explore some important terms and concepts related to river flow that is represented in our unique climate and system.
John Hubbel
What is River Flow?
At its most basic, river flow, or discharge, is the volume of water that moves through a river over a specific period of time. On the Trinity River, flow is typically measured in cubic feet per second (CFS). Currently flow rates are measured in a few locations above and below Trinity and Lewiston Dams. Discharge on the Trinity River at Lewiston has been measured daily since 1911, when Model T’s were just rolling off of the assembly line!
There are very few rivers in California that experience full natural flow. Most Northern California rivers are managed through dams that generate power, create water diversions, or hold back water for later use. Dams block upstream deposits of water, wood and sediment and when managed narrowly have caused significant harm to riverine ecology downstream.
Understanding river flow both pre-dam and post-dam helps river ecologists to compare current management with the pre-dam natural conditions that species and their ecology developed within. This strategy aims to deepen understanding of the natural environment to provide favorable conditions for plants, wildlife, and people that depend on the river.
Why is River Flow Important?
The Trinity River’s flow is crucial for many reasons:
Ecosystems: Flow influences the types of plants and animals that live in and around the river.
Water Supply: The Trinity River provides drinking water, supports economic development, supplies irrigation for agriculture and generates power for millions of Californians.
Recreation: The Trinity River supports activities like fishing, boating, hiking, gold panning, wildlife viewing and swimming.
Key Terms Related to River Flow: Managed vs Natural
Natural Seasonal Flow: Although highly variable from year to year, undammed rivers in a Mediterranean climate, tend to exhibit seasonal patterns. During the rainy winter months, flow rates typically increase due to precipitation, the size and magnitude of that increase depends on seasonal patterns and the frequency of storm events. In the spring, snow in the mountains melts adding flow to the Trinity River and its watershed. Conversely, in summer, flow rates tend to slowly decrease as the dry season progresses.
Natural Base Flow: This is the normal level of water flow in a river during dry periods. It usually comes from groundwater and keeps the river flowing even when there hasn’t been rain for a while. In a Mediterranean climate, base flow can be low during the summer months due less water in the system and high evaporation rates. Baseflows are important for cold-blooded aquatic species like foothill yellow legged frogs who utilize slow water for rearing and then populate riverside riparian areas as adults.
Hydrograph: A graph that illustrates how the flow of water in a river changes over time. It shows time on the horizontal axis and the flow rate, usually measured in cubic feet per second, on the vertical axis. As the line on the graph rises, it indicates an increase in river flow (like after rain), and when it falls, it represents a decrease (such as during dry periods). Hydrographs are important for managing water resources, studying weather patterns as well and ensuring that environmental flow needs are met in regulated river systems.
Natural Surface Runoff: After it rains, water flows over the land and enters rivers. This is known as surface runoff. Winter rains in the Trinity watershed typically lead the tributaries and the Trinity River (below Douglas City) to a spike in flow. However, the impact is highly dependent on the water year, ground saturation and snow accumulation. Surface runoff provides additional wood, leaf litter and sediment to rivers which are the building blocks for healthy habitat creation in the Trinity system.
Over-bank floods: When there is a lot of rain in a short period, rivers can overflow their banks, causing over-bank floods. On the Trinity River over-bank floods are more likely to occur during the wet season and provide important ecological functions, including to Trinity River fish. These flows improve soil quality, provide prime growing grounds for aquatic insects and other fish food and help to reset the form of the river’s main channel through scour.
Environmental Flow: Is a management term that identifies the quantity and timing of water needed to sustain the health of river ecosystems, particularly downstream from a dam. Managing environmental flow is important for maintaining habitat for Trinity River salmonids and other wildlife that depend on the river. Within the environmental flows framework there are many methods for implementation. Since 2004, the Trinity River Restoration Program’s method for environmental flows were based on functional implementation of three periods, a summer baseflow (450 CFS), a fall/winter baseflow (300 CFS), and a spring snowmelt mimic hydrograph. Since 2016 local scientists have advocated to adapt this method by adding variable flows to the wet-season months (December – April) for the benefit of growing healthier juvenile salmonids.
Recommended Periods within the Environmental Flow Timeline for Water Year 2025
1. December 15 – February 15 – Synchronized Storm Pulse
A dam release synchronized to a natural storm event. The release is triggered by a CNRFC forecast for the Trinity River above North Fork that rises to 4500 CFS or more. Once initiated, the release would be triggered even if the forecast is reduced. The primary purpose is to reduce redd smothering by preventing fine sediment accumulation from tributaries, to maximize the synchrony between tributaries and the mainstem of the river, as well as recondition the streambed and align the ecology for salmon food production.
2. February 16 – April 15 – Wet Season Flood
Depending on forecast water year type in the California Department of Water Resources February B120 forecast and whether a synchronized flow has occurred, the Program may schedule flows above baseflow in the Feb. 15 to Apr. 15 timeframe. Depending on the March B120 forecast, the schedule may be adjusted as of March 15. The primary purpose of this is to inundate floodplains for aquatic food production and habitat for juvenile salmonids at the right time of year – similar to natural wet season flooding.
3. April 16 – Variable – Snowmelt Peak and Recession
The spring snowmelt peak and recession are an important annual migratory cue for both adult and juvenile chinook. The Program has implemented a spring snow-melt mimic release annually since 2004. CDWR April B120 forecast determines total volume of restoration flow releases. Water that has not been released for Storm Pulse Flows or Wet Season Flooding is scheduled for release during the Snowmelt Peak and Recession period. This schedule encompasses many purposes for river ecology and the salmonid life cycle.
4.Managed Base Flow
Baseflows released from Lewiston Dam to the Trinity River are currently managed at 450 CFS through the summer, shifting to 300 CFS on Oct 15 through the subsequent spring. This management strategy is a relic from the 1999 Flow Study and was put in place with the mindset that increasing baseflow in the summertime could help with river temperature management for migrating adult spring chinook. Flows reduce in the fall because temperature objectives are no longer needed. In addition, water managers leaned on water savings during the fall through the wet season so that accumulation in the system could be understood prior to use for diversions or river ecology. Fish biologists hypothesize that if current summer and fall management were adapted to a more natural hydrograph it may serve Trinity River salmonids and other wildlife better.
Dicosmoecus (dee-co-smee-cus) caddisflies are better known by the common name ‘October caddisflies’. These caddisflies are notable for there extremely large size (1-2 inches), their concentrated emergence window (October), and their abundance especially in streams containing anadromous fish. These characteristics make it one of the most important hatches to not only fly-fishermen, but to wildlife such as birds as well.
Dicosmoecus like other caddisflies have three life stages: larvae, pupae, and adult. Larvae build cases out of small rocks which serves as protection and their housing. They drag these cases around while foraging for food, mostly algae and detritus. Dicosmoecus are especially notable by the large distances they can cover (up to 25 meters per day) to forage (Resh et al. 2011).
They continually grow and have to build new cases as the old ones become too small. After molting five times (called instars), they attach their cases to the underside of rocks and began to pupate. After about a month of pupating, they cut a hole in their case and swim to the surface before shedding their exoskeleton one more time and becoming adults.
Caddisflies, unlike mayflies, will live for several weeks while they seek out a mate. You will often see them active at dusk and just after sunset. Keep a look out for the large moth-like bugs during sunset for the next few weeks.
References
Resh, V.H., M. Hannaford, J. Jackson, G.A. Lamberti, and P.K. Mendez. 2011. The biology of the limnephilid caddisfly Dicosmoecus gilvipes (Hagen) in Northern California and Oregon (USA) streams. Zoosymposia 5:413-419.
Images courtesy of Red’s Fly Shop and Troutnut.com
Chris Laskodi, M.S., Fish Ecologist – Yurok Tribal Fisheries Department
Chris serves as the fish biologist/ecologist for the TRRP in the program’s Science branch. Chris has worked on the Trinity River since 2015, previously serving as a fish biologist for the Yurok Tribe and a fisheries technician for the US Fish & Wildlife Service. Chris holds a B.S. in Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology from the University of California, Davis and a M.S. in Aquaculture/Fisheries from the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. In his free time, Chris enjoys taking friends and family fishing on one of the many watercraft available to him.
Prior to construction of dams on the Trinity River, flow and river temperatures were synchronized throughout the watershed with seasonal ecology. Storms and snow melt floods regularly altered the stream channel, transporting sediments, wood and rocks. Seasonally predictable disturbance helped maintain a healthy streambed and riparian forest. Disturbance was followed by growth, with wetted areas providing consistent habitat for insects, fish and frogs alike. Even though each year provided different conditions, there was predictability with which aquatic and riverine species, like salmon, evolved to exploit.
Since the foundational 1999 Trinity River Flow Evaluation Report, more than 20 years of scientific research within the Trinity River Basin and from rivers across the world have improved outcomes for Trinity River salmonids. This wealth of new and improved knowledge has made scientists within the Program increasingly aware that changes to flow management have the potential to increase the strength and resiliency of juvenile salmonids produced in the Trinity River.
One important revelation is that elevated releases that continue through late spring and into the summer have kept water too cold for optimal juvenile salmon growth. Larger fish have a better chance of survival in the ocean, so improved flow management that can provide better temperatures for growth is likely to improve survival and subsequent adult returns. Further, Program scientists have found that the majority of young Chinook Salmon have already left the restoration reach by the time elevated spring releases provide access to restored habitats created by the Program over the last 18 years, including floodplains and side channels.
Many studies have shown that when floodplains and side channels get wet at the right time of year when juvenile salmon can use them, then they can take advantage of all the extra food that those habitats create. When fish can access important habitat, increase their food consumption, and have the right temperatures for growth, they can grow faster, get bigger, and survive better.
Recommendations for Change
Changes to Trinity River flow management to partially mimic the seasonality of natural flow were approved by the Trinity Management Council this past September. Program partners in our Flow Workgroup technical advisory committee developed a collaborative proposal that met ecological objectives and accommodated recreational considerations requested by Trinity County. The proposal also needed to adhere to existing environmental regulations. Following the affirmative Trinity Management Council vote in September, the recommendation is now awaiting approval by the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Water Year 2025 environmental flow management is designed to partially mimic natural seasonality so that river ecology can build around flow as it did prior to dams. These managed flows do not strictly follow the natural ecology of the watershed, but rather they represent management that strikes a balance between ecological needs, water availability, and other management and infrastructure constraints. Scientists hypothesize that adding pulse flows, increasing flow in winter, and decreasing flow in the spring and summer could be beneficial to Trinity River salmonids. However, there is no recommendation for this water year to reduce minimum baseflows in summer or fall.
First Recommended Change: Synchronized Storm Pulse
The first recommended sequential change is the two-month Synchronized Storm Pulse period (December 15-February 15) where there may be one peak flow of 6,500 cubic feet per second released from Lewiston Dam timed to match a natural storm event. This synchronized flow would consist of a rapid flow increase release held for a short period then reduced to 750 cubic feet per second. A synchronized storm pulse would only be triggered if the river is predicted to be at least 4,500 cubic feet per second near the North Fork Trinity River. No synchronized release would occur if the river is not predicted to reach that level between December 15 and February 15.
Winter storm pulses provide many ecological benefits, primarily by causing streambed disturbance. Sediments ranging in size from sand to large gravel are displaced and moved downstream, and wood in the channel can be moved or cause erosion in the channel that increases habitat diversity. Fine sediments rich in nutrients are also washed onto upland riparian areas that are typically dry. As waters recede, nutrients remain to help develop a healthy riparian community of plants and animals. For salmon, the disturbance from big powerful storms provides opportunity for small, soft-bodied bugs to proliferate, which are an excellent food source for small juvenile salmonids as they emerge from the gravel.
Pre-dam Trinity River flows at Lewiston (colored lines), and a typical normal water year flow release after 2000 (black line).
Since 1960’s, with very few exceptions, typical winter flow releases from Lewiston Dam have remained under 300 cubic feet per second. When big storms pass through, tributaries deliver trees, nutrients, and all sizes of sediment, which enter the Trinity River where flows are artificially low due to limited dam releases. Often there is not enough flow in the Trinity River to move these deliveries from tributaries, so they settle out quickly. Where Deadwood Creek enters the Trinity River, large fine sediment deposits from the 2018 Carr fire have immediately settled into slow waters in recent years resulting in two negative effects. First, the tributary delta has formed unnaturally, and second fine sediments have smothered and suffocated salmon and steelhead eggs in the gravel.
Second Recommended Change: Wet-Season Flood
The second recommended change is the two-month (February 16 – April 15) Wet-Season Flood period, during which dam releases would be elevated above the typical 300 cfs baseflow with some variability. The amount of water released during this period depends on seasonal snow and rain accumulation and a conservative forecast of inflow to Trinity Reservoir from the California Department of Water Resources (90% B120).
These beneficial floods push water onto floodplains and keeps them wet for months, which essentially converts terrestrial habitat into aquatic habitat just as salmon and steelhead begin to emerge from the gravel and populations increase. This seasonal aquatic habitat grows food for fish and provides slow water habitat for small fish to rest, grow, and escape many aquatic predators.
Oregon Gulch floodplain inundation in March 2024 provided habitat for millions of juvenile salmonids and other aquatic species. Aaron Martin, Yurok Tribal Fisheries Department.
Snow Melt Peak and Recession
The Snowmelt Peak and Recession period has been implemented on the Trinity River for the past 20 years. The action provides important migration cues for adult and juvenile salmonids. Peak flows can provide many of the benefits that winter storm pulse flows provide earlier in the year, resetting the base of the food web and delivering nutrients to riparian areas. Receding flows trigger spring Chinook Salmon returning from the ocean to migrate toward over-summer habitat. Additionally, juvenile salmon and steelhead migrate out of rivers, to the ocean, as habitat availability decreases with dropping flows.
Proposed changes to flow management in 2025 would use the same volume of water that has been available since 2000, so any water released for a synchronized storm pulse or wet season flood would be borrowed from the spring snow melt release. As a result, releases would slow earlier, reducing cold-water impacts to fish growth while providing ecological benefits earlier in the year. Adjustments to flow management that more closely align dam releases with natural ecological processes are intended to also benefit other aquatic and semi-aquatic species, such as Foothill Yellow Legged frogs and Northwestern Pond turtles.
As mentioned, the recommendations presented for water year 2025 are designed to partially mimic natural seasonal processes so that ecological function can develop on the seasonal timeline, as it did for millennia prior to dam construction. Program scientists have long known that these recommended changes are necessary for making progress toward producing stronger healthier Trinity River fish populations.
If changes are approved by the Department of the Interior, the Trinity River Restoration Program will announce details regarding; flow action changes, ways to stay informed and notification timelines as they develop.
Recommended 2025 Water Year Environmental Flow Management Timeline
You may have noticed a rather large insect fluttering down the river during the months of September and October. These insects are mayflies from the family Isonychiidae (eye-son-nic-ee-uh-day) (known in the fly-fishing community as Mahogany Duns or Slate Drakes). Mayflies are unique in that they have two adult stages in their lifecycle while all other insects have one.
Isonychiidaemayflies usually live an entire year in the river as nymphs before swimming to the edges of the river, crawling out of the river on a rock, and emerging into their sub-adult stage. As adults, they typically only live for a day or two as their only job is to mate, lay eggs, and then die. Isonychiidae mayflies are noted for their large size compared to other mayflies and for their unique swimming ability. They are very adept swimmers and use their swimming prowess to capture their prey. They also have fine hairs on their forelegs which trap algae and other detritus which they then consume. The nymphs are a very strange looking (compared to other mayflies) and are readily identifiable by their elongated shape and ‘racing-stripe’ down their backs. Looking closely, the hairs on their forelegs become readily apparent and they are very easy to identify for any aquatic entomologist.
Isonychiidae mayflies are unique to the Trinity River with other populations scattered across northern California. The nearest population is found in the Pit River, but are rare there. The population in the Trinity River seems to be thriving and right now is the best time to see both the nymphs and adults. Look for the nymphs along the streambanks where they will look like small fish darting between the rocks. You will notice their shed exuviae (exoskeletons) attached to rocks. Adults can be found in the early afternoon fluttering in the air above the river. They seem to be more common in the area between Junction City and Cedar Flat.
Chris Laskodi, M.S., Fish Ecologist – Yurok Tribal Fisheries Department
Chris serves as the fish biologist/ecologist for the TRRP in the program’s Science branch. Chris has worked on the Trinity River since 2015, previously serving as a fish biologist for the Yurok Tribe and a fisheries technician for the US Fish & Wildlife Service. Chris holds a B.S. in Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology from the University of California, Davis and a M.S. in Aquaculture/Fisheries from the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. In his free time, Chris enjoys taking friends and family fishing on one of the many watercraft available to him.
Blue elderberries, native to California, grow throughout the Northwest and are found here in Trinity and Humboldt Counties. These trees are known for their dainty elderflowers, nutritious elderberries, and hard, hollow wood. Indigenous people have long maintained relationships with elderberries. This food source carries medicinal benefits, famously made into elderberry syrup to promote a healthy immune system and fight respiratory illnesses.
Animals, too, enjoy the berries as they ripen in the summer months. Elderberry trees serve as habitat for native bees and the valley elderberry longhorn beetle, because of the spongy tissue of their twigs. This pithiness also makes the wood uniquely amenable to crafting cultural materials, like arrows and flutes. Tribal practices, like cultural burning, ensure longevity and health of elderberry bushes.
What’s in a name?
Local Indigenous languages all have names for elderberries
Ch’iwhiwh
yúxaas
ta’amo’ ‘wer-nerh
luu-k’vm’
In Hupa, ch’iwhiwh means elderberries. Much like German, Hupa words build description. So ‘elderberries’ translates literally to ‘what one sips through,’ and bears information about how the wood was used.
Yúuxas, in Karuk, means elderberry. Yúuxas ánav means elderberry medicine.
In Yurok, elderberries is ta’amo’ ‘wer-nerh. Ta’amo’ meaning elderberry bush, and nerh a shortened form of nerhpery, berry.
In Tolowa, blue elderberry is luu-k’vm’ and red elderberry is chvn-su’lh.
Indigenous plant names reflect the relationship that group has built with that plant. Some ask, why learn a lesser spoken language? Here is one of the many reasons to do so. Indigenous languages have grown around the environments their speakers lived in, and the needs, wants, and interests of those speakers. So being, they are laden with Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). The vocabulary regarding elderberries, for every Indigenous language, expresses a unique worldview. When used, the line between generations of elderberry enthusiasts flows complete.
When and How to Pick
Blue elderberries will flower in the late spring. This is a good time to identify the locations of your nearby trees, as they won’t stick out quite so much once the flowers fall. Flower heads can be clipped and dried. Elderflowers have a “diaphoretic quality which lowers fever (LaPena et al.).” “Fresh or dried, the flowers are steeped to make a potent tea to reduce fever (Karuk Tribe et al.).” It is pertinent to remove all stems, as only the flowers and berries can be consumed. Berries will ripen later in the summer. Typically, they ripen earlier inland and later on the coast.
I’m a beginner when it comes to picking elderberries. I’ve learned to only pick them when they’re ripe, when the whole flower head has dark blue or dusty grey berries. Any green berries should not be consumed. Go elderberry picking when there is lots of light and good visibility. To pick berries, it is practical to clip heads of berries and later comb them from their stems. As a general rule, don’t take too many from one tree. Leave some for the birds.
Elderberries can be used in an array of baked goods, syrups, and jams, and can also be dried and eaten. Avoid eating fresh berries as they can cause nausea, easily done as you might find they’re not so sweet.
Works Cited
Karuk Tribe. “Uxraah: Native Edible Berries.” G8L2NativeEdibleBerries_booklet, United States Department of Agriculture, nctcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/G8L2NativeEdibleBerries_booklet.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct. 2024.
LaPena, Sage, et al. “Indigenous Perspectives on Elderberry Uses – California Elderberries.” University of California Agriculture and Nature Resources, University of California, ucanr.edu/sites/Elderberry/Indigenous/Indigenous_perspectives/. Accessed 14 Oct. 2024.
Lowry, Judith Larner. “Blue Elderberry.” California Foraging, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 2014, pp. 57–59.
Unless otherwise noted, all photos were generously provided by Muriel Ammon.
Muriel Ammon
Muriel Ammon (Tsnungwe, Hopi) is a graduate of Dartmouth College and the Southwest Institute of Montessori Studies. Ammon is passionate about Indigenous language revitalization. She has many Hupa language teachers, including her dad, Verdena Parker, and Melodie George-Moore. One of her favorite parts of learning Hupa is connecting to the plants and animals in her backyard.
Civil construction of the Upper Conner Creek project has wrapped for 2024. Despite the late start, crews from the Yurok Tribe Construction Corporation (YTCC), The Yurok Tribe Fisheries Dept and Hoopa Roads Dept completed the first phase of construction in just under two months. Working exclusively on river left at river mile 78.3 in Junction City, the civil construction crews focused on lowering the 5.7 acre floodplain R1 and creating riffle IC-1.
Before construction, the R1 floodplain was a largely star thistle strewn meadow, which did not fully inundate until flows reached 11,000 cubic feet per second. The Hoopa Valley Tribe’s design team envisioned a lowered surface which targeted many inundation thresholds ranging from 500 to 3500 cubic feet per second. In three weeks time, employing excavators, bulldozers, articulating trucks and front end loaders crews excavated 65,000 cubic yards of earth from the non-functional floodplain to a spoils site further inland. The civil construction team added 300 plus pieces of large wood throughout the floodplain which enables the creation of habitat with a floodplain full of hydraulic diversity.
Stockpiles of large wood which were moved and placed in the newly lowered floodplain area to encourage slow waters and habitat creation.
Constructed of fish rock (5/8-5inches) and oversized sediment (5-12 inches) a riffle at the mouth of the new side channel was enhanced. The feature’s primary function is to add roughness to the river and raise the water surface elevation of the upstream waters to encourage wetting of the newly lowered floodplain on river left. In compliance with the projects permits, the civil construction team monitored water quality during this period of turbidity generation.
As the big yellow trucks demobilize, the revegetation crews start their work. In a temporary nursery onsite an assortment of native grasses, shrubs and trees sit soaking up sun and water while they wait for their turn to be planted. Aiming to wrap up efforts by December, the Hoopa Valley Tribal Fisheries revegetation team’s goal is to have the nursery stock entirely planted in the new floodplain and the spoils area stabilized with native grasses and straw.
As phase one nears completion, the TRRP’s Implementation Branch prepares for phase two. Just downstream, additional floodplains, riffles and improved river access spaces are all on the slate for construction in 2025. The prospect of building new recreational facilities alongside restored riverine habitat is work that we are proud to be part of!
If you’ve been lucky enough to spend time on the Trinity River lately, you will notice a plethora of brassy-green colored dragon flies hovering above the river fervently darting to and fro. The species you are most likely viewing is the common green darner Anax junius. Common is in its name, and that is certainly the case, for this species of dragonfly is the most common and abundant throughout North America. The remainder of its common name, Darner, is given due to its resemblance to a darning needle a blunt-tipped larger needle used for repairing holes or tears in coarse knitted cloth.
Dragonflies need water to reproduce. In the summer or early fall, common green darners seek riparian areas with slow water so they can mate and lay eggs in water-bound plant material. The female and male mate in an expertly posed “mating wheel” position – where the two are connected at their reproductive centers, the head of the female with the base of the male’s abdomen. The female’s abdomen is wrapped under the male so they can fly through the air, sometimes for several minutes. The female then unwraps her abdomen and lays eggs into the water while still attached to the male.
A female common green darner (left) in tandem position with male (right) deposits eggs. Ken Slade, Source: nps.org
Eggs hatch into macroinvertebrates (tiny aquatic larvae) after about a week incubation period and then go through upwards of a dozen nymphic molts eating aquatic insects, small fish and even tadpoles as they grow. At the end of the transformational nymph stage, Anax junius, emerges from the water to undergo metamorphosis into a dragonfly from a crack in the exoskeleton.
Common green darner aquatic nymph. Douglas Mills. Originally posted by the National Park Service.
Once the wings are developed enough to fly the darner becomes a ravenous forager eating mosquitos, midges, flies, wasps, moths and other flying insects. This dragonfly species has two different population types, resident and migratory. Residents remain in the general area from which they emerge. For residents in the north, the adults mate and lay eggs in late July to August. The resulting offspring hatch and develop to immature dragonflies and then overwinter when temperatures drop.
Adults that migrate tend to arrive in the northern regions in the spring before any of the residents emerge. Migratory adults mate and lay eggs in June. The migratory dragonfly’s development stage is less than that of the resident variety (3-5 months versus the 11 months of the resident) and they do not overwinter as residents do.
Common green darner’s in September on the Trinity River. James Lee, Trinity River Restoration Program
![image of some of the restoration area before construction at Upper Conner Creek phase II in July 2024. [Kiana Abel, Trinity River Restoration Program]](https://www.trrp.net/wordterrain/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/IMG_0512.jpg)
